"Black Holes" Aren't Holes at All
Researchers from the U.S. Department of Energy's Los Alamos National Laboratory and the University of South Carolina have provided a hypothesis that "black holes" in space are not holes at all, but instead are more akin to bubbles.
美國洛阿拉摩斯國家實驗室和南卡洛連那州立大學的研究院共同提出了一項關於“宇宙黑洞”的假設：所謂黑洞根本就不是洞，而是一種類似氣泡的物質。
Ressearcher Emil Mottola of Los Alamo's Theoretical Division presented on 21 April 2002 a new explanation for black holes at the American Physical Society annual meeting in Albuquerque, and Pawel Mazur of the University of South Carolina is Mottola's co-author. The researchers' explanation redefines blck holes not as "holes" in space where matter and light inexplicably disappear into another dimension, but rather as spherical voids surrounded by an extremely durable form of matter never before experienced on Earth. Mazur and Mottola call the extraordinary objects Gravastar.
洛阿拉摩斯科學理論中心的研究員Emil Mottola于2002年4月21日在阿爾布開克(美國新墨西哥州中部一城市)的美國物理界年會上提出了關於黑洞的全新解釋，共同參與研究的還有來自南卡洛連那州立大學的Pawel Mazur.
The Gravastar explanation for black holes helps provide answers to some of the daunting questions raised by traditional black-hole descrīptions. Based on earlier-held astrophysical explanations, black holes form in space when stars reach the end of their lives and collapse in on themselves.
引力真空星學說幫助解決了傳統黑洞解說所招致的懸而未決的問題。根據先前所提出的天體物理學解說，當恒星衰竭，耗盡自身能量，其核心開始坍縮，就會在宇宙中形成黑洞。
According to black hole theory, the matter from these dying stars occupies a tiny amount of space—a mere pinpoint—and creates a mind-boggling gravitational field so powerful that nothing can escape, not even light.
根據黑洞理論，耗盡能量的恒星，其核心會占去宇宙的很小一部分空間，極小的一點，然後形成一股難以想像的巨大引力，任何物質都無法與其抗衡，連光也被其捕獲。
Mottola and Pawel suggest that while some degree of collapsing does take place in a dying star, the collapse proceeds only to a certain point. At that point, the intense gravity of the dying star transforms the star's matter into an enitrely new phase.
Mottola和Pawel暗示說，雖然一定程度上的核心坍縮的情況確實會在恒星衰竭的時候發生，但是這種坍縮是有限的。坍縮停止以後，強烈的引力把這顆衰老恒星的恒心轉變成另一種物態。
Mottola describes this phase as similar to a Bose-Einstein condensate, a phase of matter recently observed in a laboratory setting and the subject of scientifc excitement in the past few years.
Mottola形容這種物態類似玻愛凝聚態，這是一種近來在實驗室中觀察到的物態，也是近幾年科學界為之狂熱的一大主題。
On Earth, a Bose-Einstein condensate forms when matter is plunged to very low temperatures approaching Absolute Zero, the theoretical temperature at which all atomic motion—the motion of electrons, protons and all other subatomic particles within an individual atom—is believed to cease.
如果地球上物質不斷冷卻，直到接近絕對零度時，就會產生玻愛凝聚態。絕對零度是一種理論上的溫度概念，人們相信，假如物質達到這個溫度，那麼構成物質的所有分子和原子均停止運動。
When matter is cooled sufficiently to become a Bose-Einstein condensate, the atoms that make up the matter enter a strange new phase. The atoms all reach the same energy state, or quantum state, and they coalesce into a blob of material called a "super atom".
當物質冷卻到玻愛凝聚態，其原子就會形成一個非常奇特的物態。所有的原子都會保持相同的能量狀態，或者量子狀態，然後它們聚結成一個被稱為“超能原子”的物質團。
The properties of Bose-Einstein condensates are the subject of intense study and many physicists are working to understand them.
有關玻愛凝聚態的特性還在熱烈的研究中，許多物理學家正在試圖理解這種物態。
Mottola and Mazur believe that dying stars collapse to the "Event Horizon"—in essence the point of no return for objects entering the gravitational field of a black hole. At this point, the matter in the dying star transforms to a new state of matter that forms a Gravastar. According to the two researchers, the dying star's matter creates an ultra-thin, ultra-cold, ultra-dark shell of material that is virtually indestructible.
Mottla和Mazur相信恒星坍縮的界限就是所謂的“黑洞視界”，在這個界限中，任何物體都無法抵抗黑洞的強大引力。因此，坍縮恒星的核心就會轉化成另一種物態，繼而形成引力真空星。根據這兩位元研究員的說法，那些坍縮的核心會創造一個堅不可摧的超薄、超低溫、超黑暗的物質框架。
The new form of gravitational energy in the interior is akin to a Bose-Einstein condensate, although it appears on the inside to be a bubble of vacuum, hence the term Gra Va star, or Gravastar.
恒星內部這種新形成的強大引力同玻愛凝聚態相似，雖然裏面看起來像個真空氣泡，這也就是它被稱為“引力真空星”的原因。
"Since this new form of matter is very durable, but somewhat flexible, like a bubble, anything that became trapped by its intense gravity and smashed into it would be obliterated and then assimilated into the shell of the Gravastar, " Mottola said. "However, any matter in the vincinity that fell onto the surface could be re-emitted as another form of evergy, which would make Gravastars potentially much more powrful emitters of radiation than black holes, which simply swallow the material."
Mottola說：“新物態具有很強的持久性，但卻有些不穩定，就像個氣泡。它會摧毀被其引力捕捉的任何物體，再把它們納入引力真空星內。然而，周圍任何掉入真空星表面的物態都會被轉化成能量重新釋放出來，這樣就使得真空星釋放出比黑洞更強大的能量，吞沒一切物質。”
The space trapped inside the Gravastar's shell is similarly uncanny conceptually. The interior of the Gravastar would be totally warped space-time (the traditional three dimensions plus time). According to the researchers, this interior space would exert an outward force on the shell, adding to its durability.
困在引力真空星框架中的空間概念上也同樣神秘莫測。真空星內部的時空被完全的扭曲（通常的三維時空）。據研究員稱，這種內部空間會向外釋放出一種力量，加強自身的持久性。
Although unconventional, Mottola and Mazur's Gravastar explanation for Black holes does solve at least one serious quandary created by black hole theory. Under a black-hole scenario, the amount of entropy created in a black hole would become nearly infinite. Physicists have struggled for years to account for the huge entropy of black holes, and largely have failed. Unlike their black hole counterparts, Gravastars would have a very low entropy.
雖然聽起來有些超乎想像，但是Mottola和Mazur的黑洞真空新解說至少解決了一個黑洞理論對之無能為力的難題。在一系列圍繞黑洞展開的研究討論中，有幾乎無數懸而未決的難題。這麼多年來，物理學家們努力為這些難題尋求答案，卻最終未果。但與這些黑洞問題不同的事，引力真空星的麻煩要少得多。
Mottola and Mazur continue to refine thir theory and are working on a concept behind rotating Gravastars. They even suggest that the universe we now know and live in may be the interior of a Gravastar.
Mottola和Mazur正在繼續完善他們的理論，並研究引力真空星旋轉的概念。他們甚至提出一種假設，我們現在生活的宇宙有可能正處在一個引力真空星內。
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